The scientific objectives of MUPUS (MUlti-PUrpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science) are summarised as follows:

• To understand the properties and layering of the near-surface matter as these evolve with time as the comet rotates and approaches the Sun.
• To understand the energy balance at the surface and its variation with time and depth.
• To understand the mass balance at the surface and its evolution with time.
• To provide ground truth for thermal mapping from the Orbiter, and to support other instruments on the Rosetta Lander (e.g. SESAME-CASSE).

MUPUS penetrator (PEN and hammer)

	COSAC
	Ptolemy